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Functions of Music in Everyday Life: An Exploratory Study Using the Experience Sampling Method

Identifieur interne : 000421 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000420; suivant : 000422

Functions of Music in Everyday Life: An Exploratory Study Using the Experience Sampling Method

Auteurs : John A. Sloboda ; Susan A. O'Neill ; Antonia Ivaldi

Source :

RBID : ISTEX:4D414ECD400589459638725F9E0A8C0E7191FC62

Abstract

The aim of this exploratory study was to (a) test the viability of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a means of identifying unfolding episodes of everyday musical experience, (b) examine the consistency of situations where music listening occurs by comparing the findings of previous studies involving retrospective data, and (c) investigate the extent to which degree of personal choice over the music and psychological outcomes such as mood change, are associated with participants' descriptions of the functions of music in particular contexts. Eight non-musicians between the ages of 18 and 40 were asked to carry an electronic pager with them for a one-week period. A remote computer activated the pagers once at random in every two-hour period between 0800 and 2200. On each paging, participants were asked to stop what they were doing as soon as practicable and complete a diary of self-report forms with open-ended and scaled items, allowing “on the spot” thoughts and feelings in real life everyday situations to be recorded as sequential episodes. At the end of the week, each respondent was individually interviewed. Results indicated that the ESM is a robust method for exploring daily musical experiences. Although music was heard during 44% of all episodes, few episodes involved listening to music as the primary focus. Rather, music tended to be used as an accompaniment to other activities. Findings also indicated that the experience of music resulted in participants becoming more positive, more alert, and more focussed in the present, particularly where personal choice over the music was involved. The discussion considers some of the implications of the study for future investigations of the functions of music as they occur in everyday evolving situations.
El objeto de este estudio exploratorio era (a) probar la viabilidad del Experience Sampling Method (ESM) como medio de identificar episodios de experiencia musical cotidiana; (b) examinar la consistencia de las situaciones donde se desarrolla la escucha musical en comparación con resultados de estudios previos, incluyendo datos retrospectivos; (c) e investigar la extensión entre el grado de elección personal sobre la música y los datos psicológicos como el cambio de carácter, asociados con descripciones de las funciones de la música en contextos particulares. Ocho individuos no músicos, de entre 18 y 40 años de edad, llevaron un testigo electrónico durante una semana. Un ordenador activaba los testigos al azar, durante periodos de dos horas entre las 08:00 y las 22:00 horas. En cada periodo, se pedía a los participantes que abandonaran lo antes posible lo que estaban haciendo y que completaran un formulario de autoinforme diario abierto y a escala, que permitiera recordar como episodios secuenciales los pensamientos y sentimientos de la vida cotidiana. Al final de la semana, cada participante fue interrogado individualmente. Los resultados indicaron que el ESM es un método sólido para explorar las experiencias musicales cotidianas. A lo largo de la experiencia, aunque se escuchó música durante un 44% de todos los episodios, pocos tuvieron la escucha musical como foco primario de atención. Al contrario, la música tiende a ser empleada como acompañamiento de otras actividades. Los resultados también indicaron que la experiencia de la música resultó ser más positiva, más atenta y más centrada en el presente, cuando la música era una elección personal del participante. La discusión considera algunas de las implicaciones del estudio para investigaciones futuras sobre la función de la música cuando se desarrolla en situaciones de la vida cotidiana.
Lo scopo di questo studio esplorativo era: (a) testare l'attuabilità dell'Experience Sampling Method (ESM) quale mezzo per identificare lo svolgimento degli episodi di esperienza musicale quotidiana, (b) esaminare la consistenza di situazioni in cui avviene l'ascolto musicale attraverso la comparazione con risultati di studi precedenti che implichino dati retrospettivi, e (c) indagare la misura in cui il grado di scelta personale e le conseguenze psicologiche come il cambio d'umore sono associati a descrizioni effettuate dai partecipanti delle funzioni della musica in particolari contesti. A otto non musicisti fra i 18 e i 40 anni è stato chiesto di tenere con sé per una settimana un cercapersone elettronico. Un computer remoto attivava il cercapersone casualmente, in periodi di due ore, tra le 8 e le 22. Ad ogni richiamo i partecipanti dovevano interrompere, nel limite del possibile, ciò che stavano facendo, e compilare un diario di schede di auto-descrizione con voci aperte o scalari, comprendenti pensieri “a caldo” e sensazioni riferite a situazioni quotidiane di vita reale, da registrarsi come episodi in sequenza. Alia fine della settimana, ogni partecipante veniva intervistato personalmente. I risultati indicavano che l'ESM è un metodo valido nell'esplorazione delle esperienze musicali quotidiane. Sebbene nel 44% degli episodi i partecipanti stessero comunque ascoltando musica, molti episodi comprendevano proprio l'ascolto musicale come attività principale. O meglio: si tendeva ad utilizzare la musica come accompagnamento per altre attività. I risultati indicavano anche che l'esperienza della musica si risolveva in una maggiore positività, prontezza e concentrazione sul presente dei partecipanti, soprattutto quando la musica da ascoltare veniva scelta personalmente. La discussione prende in esame alcune implicazioni di questo studio per future analisi sulle funzioni della musica quali si presentano nello svolgimento di situazioni quotidiane.
On cherche ici (a) à tester la validité d'une méthode expérimentale fondée sur l'échantillonnage (Experience Sampling Method, ESM) dans l'identification d'épisodes de l'expérience musicale quotidienne, (b) à examiner la stabilité des situations où la musique intervient en les comparant avec les résultats d'études antérieures fournissant des données rétrospectives, et (c) à étudier si l'impact qu'a le choix personnel sur la musique écoutée et ses conséquences psychologiques, comme un changement d'humeur, transparait dans la description des fonctions de la musique dans des contextes particuliers. Huit sujets non musiciens ågés de 18 à 40 ans ont été munis d'un bip électronique pendant une période d'une semaine. Un ordinateur à distance active au hasard ces bips toutes les deux heures, entre 8 et 22 h. A chaque signal, les sujets interrompent leur occupation pour compléter un journal, où ils consignent leurs impressions sur une liste ouverte et graduée, ce qui autorise l'enregistrement séquentiel des opinions “immédiates” et des émotions de la vie réelle dans des situations quotidiennes. A la fin de la semaine, chaque sujet est convoqué à un entretien personnel. Les résultats confirment la solidité de l'ESM dans l'étude des expériences musicales quotidiennes. Bien que la musique ait été écoutée dans 44 % de la totalité des épisodes, elle en constitue rarement l'objectif principal, mais tend, au contraire, à servir d'accompagnement à d'autres activités. On relève aussi que l'accompagnement musical rend les sujets plus positifs, alertes et concentrés sur le présent, en particulier lorsque la musique écoutée est le fruit d'un choix personnel. Certaines données de cette étude ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches sur les fonctions de la musique dans les situations quotidiennes.
Ziel dieser explorativen Studie war es, (a) die Anwendbarkeit der Erlebnis-Stichprobenmethode (ESM) auf die Identifikation von sich entfaltenden Episoden alltäglichen Musikerlebens zu testen, (b) die Konsistenz von Situationen, in denen Musik gehört wird, im Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen früherer Studien mit retrospektiven Daten zu prüfen, und (c) das Ausmaß zu untersuchen, bis zu welchem die persönliche Musikwahl und Befindlichkeit (wie Stimmungswechsel) mit Funktionsbeschreibungen in bestimmten Zusammenhängen verbunden sind. Acht Nichtmusiker im Alter zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren wurden gebeten, eine Woche lang einen elektronischen pager mit sich zu tragen. Die Zeit zwischen 8 und 22 Uhr wurde in Zweistunden-Perioden eingeteilt und ein Computer aktivierte die pager einmal pro Periode in zufälligen Abständen. Die Versuchsteilnehmer waren gebeten worden, bei jedem Piepsen ihre momentane Tätigkeit, sobald sie konnten, zu unterbrechen und jeweils ein Eigenberichtsformular eines Tagebuches mit skalierten und offenen items, welche erlauben, unmittelbare Gedanken und Gefühle in realen Alltagssituationen festzuhalten, auszufüllen. Am Ende der Woche wurde jeder Teilnehmer einzeln befragt. Die Resultate erwiesen die ESM als eine geeignete Methode, Musikerleben im Alltag zu erforschen. Obwohl während 44% aller Episoden Musik gehört wurde, war nur in wenigen Episoden Musikhören der primäre Fokus. Vielmehr bestand die Tendenz, Musik als Begleitung anderer Tätigkeiten zu verwenden. Die Ergebnisse ließen auch erkennen, daß die Wirkung von Musik in der jeweiligen Situation zu einem positiveren, aufnahmefähigeren und konzentrierteren Zustand der Teilnehmer führte, insbesondere wenn persönliche Musikwahl gegeben war. Die Diskussion betrachtet einige Implikationen der Studie für weitere Untersuchungen der Funktionen von Musik in Alltagssituationen.

Url:
DOI: 10.1177/102986490100500102

Links to Exploration step

ISTEX:4D414ECD400589459638725F9E0A8C0E7191FC62

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<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The aim of this exploratory study was to (a) test the viability of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a means of identifying unfolding episodes of everyday musical experience, (b) examine the consistency of situations where music listening occurs by comparing the findings of previous studies involving retrospective data, and (c) investigate the extent to which degree of personal choice over the music and psychological outcomes such as mood change, are associated with participants' descriptions of the functions of music in particular contexts. Eight non-musicians between the ages of 18 and 40 were asked to carry an electronic pager with them for a one-week period. A remote computer activated the pagers once at random in every two-hour period between 0800 and 2200. On each paging, participants were asked to stop what they were doing as soon as practicable and complete a diary of self-report forms with open-ended and scaled items, allowing “on the spot” thoughts and feelings in real life everyday situations to be recorded as sequential episodes. At the end of the week, each respondent was individually interviewed. Results indicated that the ESM is a robust method for exploring daily musical experiences. Although music was heard during 44% of all episodes, few episodes involved listening to music as the primary focus. Rather, music tended to be used as an accompaniment to other activities. Findings also indicated that the experience of music resulted in participants becoming more positive, more alert, and more focussed in the present, particularly where personal choice over the music was involved. The discussion considers some of the implications of the study for future investigations of the functions of music as they occur in everyday evolving situations.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="de">El objeto de este estudio exploratorio era (a) probar la viabilidad del Experience Sampling Method (ESM) como medio de identificar episodios de experiencia musical cotidiana; (b) examinar la consistencia de las situaciones donde se desarrolla la escucha musical en comparación con resultados de estudios previos, incluyendo datos retrospectivos; (c) e investigar la extensión entre el grado de elección personal sobre la música y los datos psicológicos como el cambio de carácter, asociados con descripciones de las funciones de la música en contextos particulares. Ocho individuos no músicos, de entre 18 y 40 años de edad, llevaron un testigo electrónico durante una semana. Un ordenador activaba los testigos al azar, durante periodos de dos horas entre las 08:00 y las 22:00 horas. En cada periodo, se pedía a los participantes que abandonaran lo antes posible lo que estaban haciendo y que completaran un formulario de autoinforme diario abierto y a escala, que permitiera recordar como episodios secuenciales los pensamientos y sentimientos de la vida cotidiana. Al final de la semana, cada participante fue interrogado individualmente. Los resultados indicaron que el ESM es un método sólido para explorar las experiencias musicales cotidianas. A lo largo de la experiencia, aunque se escuchó música durante un 44% de todos los episodios, pocos tuvieron la escucha musical como foco primario de atención. Al contrario, la música tiende a ser empleada como acompañamiento de otras actividades. Los resultados también indicaron que la experiencia de la música resultó ser más positiva, más atenta y más centrada en el presente, cuando la música era una elección personal del participante. La discusión considera algunas de las implicaciones del estudio para investigaciones futuras sobre la función de la música cuando se desarrolla en situaciones de la vida cotidiana.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="it">Lo scopo di questo studio esplorativo era: (a) testare l'attuabilità dell'Experience Sampling Method (ESM) quale mezzo per identificare lo svolgimento degli episodi di esperienza musicale quotidiana, (b) esaminare la consistenza di situazioni in cui avviene l'ascolto musicale attraverso la comparazione con risultati di studi precedenti che implichino dati retrospettivi, e (c) indagare la misura in cui il grado di scelta personale e le conseguenze psicologiche come il cambio d'umore sono associati a descrizioni effettuate dai partecipanti delle funzioni della musica in particolari contesti. A otto non musicisti fra i 18 e i 40 anni è stato chiesto di tenere con sé per una settimana un cercapersone elettronico. Un computer remoto attivava il cercapersone casualmente, in periodi di due ore, tra le 8 e le 22. Ad ogni richiamo i partecipanti dovevano interrompere, nel limite del possibile, ciò che stavano facendo, e compilare un diario di schede di auto-descrizione con voci aperte o scalari, comprendenti pensieri “a caldo” e sensazioni riferite a situazioni quotidiane di vita reale, da registrarsi come episodi in sequenza. Alia fine della settimana, ogni partecipante veniva intervistato personalmente. I risultati indicavano che l'ESM è un metodo valido nell'esplorazione delle esperienze musicali quotidiane. Sebbene nel 44% degli episodi i partecipanti stessero comunque ascoltando musica, molti episodi comprendevano proprio l'ascolto musicale come attività principale. O meglio: si tendeva ad utilizzare la musica come accompagnamento per altre attività. I risultati indicavano anche che l'esperienza della musica si risolveva in una maggiore positività, prontezza e concentrazione sul presente dei partecipanti, soprattutto quando la musica da ascoltare veniva scelta personalmente. La discussione prende in esame alcune implicazioni di questo studio per future analisi sulle funzioni della musica quali si presentano nello svolgimento di situazioni quotidiane.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="fr">On cherche ici (a) à tester la validité d'une méthode expérimentale fondée sur l'échantillonnage (Experience Sampling Method, ESM) dans l'identification d'épisodes de l'expérience musicale quotidienne, (b) à examiner la stabilité des situations où la musique intervient en les comparant avec les résultats d'études antérieures fournissant des données rétrospectives, et (c) à étudier si l'impact qu'a le choix personnel sur la musique écoutée et ses conséquences psychologiques, comme un changement d'humeur, transparait dans la description des fonctions de la musique dans des contextes particuliers. Huit sujets non musiciens ågés de 18 à 40 ans ont été munis d'un bip électronique pendant une période d'une semaine. Un ordinateur à distance active au hasard ces bips toutes les deux heures, entre 8 et 22 h. A chaque signal, les sujets interrompent leur occupation pour compléter un journal, où ils consignent leurs impressions sur une liste ouverte et graduée, ce qui autorise l'enregistrement séquentiel des opinions “immédiates” et des émotions de la vie réelle dans des situations quotidiennes. A la fin de la semaine, chaque sujet est convoqué à un entretien personnel. Les résultats confirment la solidité de l'ESM dans l'étude des expériences musicales quotidiennes. Bien que la musique ait été écoutée dans 44 % de la totalité des épisodes, elle en constitue rarement l'objectif principal, mais tend, au contraire, à servir d'accompagnement à d'autres activités. On relève aussi que l'accompagnement musical rend les sujets plus positifs, alertes et concentrés sur le présent, en particulier lorsque la musique écoutée est le fruit d'un choix personnel. Certaines données de cette étude ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches sur les fonctions de la musique dans les situations quotidiennes.</div>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="de">Ziel dieser explorativen Studie war es, (a) die Anwendbarkeit der Erlebnis-Stichprobenmethode (ESM) auf die Identifikation von sich entfaltenden Episoden alltäglichen Musikerlebens zu testen, (b) die Konsistenz von Situationen, in denen Musik gehört wird, im Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen früherer Studien mit retrospektiven Daten zu prüfen, und (c) das Ausmaß zu untersuchen, bis zu welchem die persönliche Musikwahl und Befindlichkeit (wie Stimmungswechsel) mit Funktionsbeschreibungen in bestimmten Zusammenhängen verbunden sind. Acht Nichtmusiker im Alter zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren wurden gebeten, eine Woche lang einen elektronischen pager mit sich zu tragen. Die Zeit zwischen 8 und 22 Uhr wurde in Zweistunden-Perioden eingeteilt und ein Computer aktivierte die pager einmal pro Periode in zufälligen Abständen. Die Versuchsteilnehmer waren gebeten worden, bei jedem Piepsen ihre momentane Tätigkeit, sobald sie konnten, zu unterbrechen und jeweils ein Eigenberichtsformular eines Tagebuches mit skalierten und offenen items, welche erlauben, unmittelbare Gedanken und Gefühle in realen Alltagssituationen festzuhalten, auszufüllen. Am Ende der Woche wurde jeder Teilnehmer einzeln befragt. Die Resultate erwiesen die ESM als eine geeignete Methode, Musikerleben im Alltag zu erforschen. Obwohl während 44% aller Episoden Musik gehört wurde, war nur in wenigen Episoden Musikhören der primäre Fokus. Vielmehr bestand die Tendenz, Musik als Begleitung anderer Tätigkeiten zu verwenden. Die Ergebnisse ließen auch erkennen, daß die Wirkung von Musik in der jeweiligen Situation zu einem positiveren, aufnahmefähigeren und konzentrierteren Zustand der Teilnehmer führte, insbesondere wenn persönliche Musikwahl gegeben war. Die Diskussion betrachtet einige Implikationen der Studie für weitere Untersuchungen der Funktionen von Musik in Alltagssituationen.</div>
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<p>The aim of this exploratory study was to (a) test the viability of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a means of identifying unfolding episodes of everyday musical experience, (b) examine the consistency of situations where music listening occurs by comparing the findings of previous studies involving retrospective data, and (c) investigate the extent to which degree of personal choice over the music and psychological outcomes such as mood change, are associated with participants' descriptions of the functions of music in particular contexts. Eight non-musicians between the ages of 18 and 40 were asked to carry an electronic pager with them for a one-week period. A remote computer activated the pagers once at random in every two-hour period between 0800 and 2200. On each paging, participants were asked to stop what they were doing as soon as practicable and complete a diary of self-report forms with open-ended and scaled items, allowing “on the spot” thoughts and feelings in real life everyday situations to be recorded as sequential episodes. At the end of the week, each respondent was individually interviewed. Results indicated that the ESM is a robust method for exploring daily musical experiences. Although music was heard during 44% of all episodes, few episodes involved listening to music as the primary focus. Rather, music tended to be used as an accompaniment to other activities. Findings also indicated that the experience of music resulted in participants becoming more positive, more alert, and more focussed in the present, particularly where personal choice over the music was involved. The discussion considers some of the implications of the study for future investigations of the functions of music as they occur in everyday evolving situations.</p>
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<p>El objeto de este estudio exploratorio era (a) probar la viabilidad del Experience Sampling Method (ESM) como medio de identificar episodios de experiencia musical cotidiana; (b) examinar la consistencia de las situaciones donde se desarrolla la escucha musical en comparación con resultados de estudios previos, incluyendo datos retrospectivos; (c) e investigar la extensión entre el grado de elección personal sobre la música y los datos psicológicos como el cambio de carácter, asociados con descripciones de las funciones de la música en contextos particulares. Ocho individuos no músicos, de entre 18 y 40 años de edad, llevaron un testigo electrónico durante una semana. Un ordenador activaba los testigos al azar, durante periodos de dos horas entre las 08:00 y las 22:00 horas. En cada periodo, se pedía a los participantes que abandonaran lo antes posible lo que estaban haciendo y que completaran un formulario de autoinforme diario abierto y a escala, que permitiera recordar como episodios secuenciales los pensamientos y sentimientos de la vida cotidiana. Al final de la semana, cada participante fue interrogado individualmente. Los resultados indicaron que el ESM es un método sólido para explorar las experiencias musicales cotidianas. A lo largo de la experiencia, aunque se escuchó música durante un 44% de todos los episodios, pocos tuvieron la escucha musical como foco primario de atención. Al contrario, la música tiende a ser empleada como acompañamiento de otras actividades. Los resultados también indicaron que la experiencia de la música resultó ser más positiva, más atenta y más centrada en el presente, cuando la música era una elección personal del participante. La discusión considera algunas de las implicaciones del estudio para investigaciones futuras sobre la función de la música cuando se desarrolla en situaciones de la vida cotidiana.</p>
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<p>Lo scopo di questo studio esplorativo era: (a) testare l'attuabilità dell'Experience Sampling Method (ESM) quale mezzo per identificare lo svolgimento degli episodi di esperienza musicale quotidiana, (b) esaminare la consistenza di situazioni in cui avviene l'ascolto musicale attraverso la comparazione con risultati di studi precedenti che implichino dati retrospettivi, e (c) indagare la misura in cui il grado di scelta personale e le conseguenze psicologiche come il cambio d'umore sono associati a descrizioni effettuate dai partecipanti delle funzioni della musica in particolari contesti. A otto non musicisti fra i 18 e i 40 anni è stato chiesto di tenere con sé per una settimana un cercapersone elettronico. Un computer remoto attivava il cercapersone casualmente, in periodi di due ore, tra le 8 e le 22. Ad ogni richiamo i partecipanti dovevano interrompere, nel limite del possibile, ciò che stavano facendo, e compilare un diario di schede di auto-descrizione con voci aperte o scalari, comprendenti pensieri “a caldo” e sensazioni riferite a situazioni quotidiane di vita reale, da registrarsi come episodi in sequenza. Alia fine della settimana, ogni partecipante veniva intervistato personalmente. I risultati indicavano che l'ESM è un metodo valido nell'esplorazione delle esperienze musicali quotidiane. Sebbene nel 44% degli episodi i partecipanti stessero comunque ascoltando musica, molti episodi comprendevano proprio l'ascolto musicale come attività principale. O meglio: si tendeva ad utilizzare la musica come accompagnamento per altre attività. I risultati indicavano anche che l'esperienza della musica si risolveva in una maggiore positività, prontezza e concentrazione sul presente dei partecipanti, soprattutto quando la musica da ascoltare veniva scelta personalmente. La discussione prende in esame alcune implicazioni di questo studio per future analisi sulle funzioni della musica quali si presentano nello svolgimento di situazioni quotidiane.</p>
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<p>On cherche ici (a) à tester la validité d'une méthode expérimentale fondée sur l'échantillonnage (Experience Sampling Method, ESM) dans l'identification d'épisodes de l'expérience musicale quotidienne, (b) à examiner la stabilité des situations où la musique intervient en les comparant avec les résultats d'études antérieures fournissant des données rétrospectives, et (c) à étudier si l'impact qu'a le choix personnel sur la musique écoutée et ses conséquences psychologiques, comme un changement d'humeur, transparait dans la description des fonctions de la musique dans des contextes particuliers. Huit sujets non musiciens ågés de 18 à 40 ans ont été munis d'un bip électronique pendant une période d'une semaine. Un ordinateur à distance active au hasard ces bips toutes les deux heures, entre 8 et 22 h. A chaque signal, les sujets interrompent leur occupation pour compléter un journal, où ils consignent leurs impressions sur une liste ouverte et graduée, ce qui autorise l'enregistrement séquentiel des opinions “immédiates” et des émotions de la vie réelle dans des situations quotidiennes. A la fin de la semaine, chaque sujet est convoqué à un entretien personnel. Les résultats confirment la solidité de l'ESM dans l'étude des expériences musicales quotidiennes. Bien que la musique ait été écoutée dans 44 % de la totalité des épisodes, elle en constitue rarement l'objectif principal, mais tend, au contraire, à servir d'accompagnement à d'autres activités. On relève aussi que l'accompagnement musical rend les sujets plus positifs, alertes et concentrés sur le présent, en particulier lorsque la musique écoutée est le fruit d'un choix personnel. Certaines données de cette étude ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches sur les fonctions de la musique dans les situations quotidiennes.</p>
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<p>Ziel dieser explorativen Studie war es, (a) die Anwendbarkeit der Erlebnis-Stichprobenmethode (ESM) auf die Identifikation von sich entfaltenden Episoden alltäglichen Musikerlebens zu testen, (b) die Konsistenz von Situationen, in denen Musik gehört wird, im Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen früherer Studien mit retrospektiven Daten zu prüfen, und (c) das Ausmaß zu untersuchen, bis zu welchem die persönliche Musikwahl und Befindlichkeit (wie Stimmungswechsel) mit Funktionsbeschreibungen in bestimmten Zusammenhängen verbunden sind. Acht Nichtmusiker im Alter zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren wurden gebeten, eine Woche lang einen elektronischen pager mit sich zu tragen. Die Zeit zwischen 8 und 22 Uhr wurde in Zweistunden-Perioden eingeteilt und ein Computer aktivierte die pager einmal pro Periode in zufälligen Abständen. Die Versuchsteilnehmer waren gebeten worden, bei jedem Piepsen ihre momentane Tätigkeit, sobald sie konnten, zu unterbrechen und jeweils ein Eigenberichtsformular eines Tagebuches mit skalierten und offenen items, welche erlauben, unmittelbare Gedanken und Gefühle in realen Alltagssituationen festzuhalten, auszufüllen. Am Ende der Woche wurde jeder Teilnehmer einzeln befragt. Die Resultate erwiesen die ESM als eine geeignete Methode, Musikerleben im Alltag zu erforschen. Obwohl während 44% aller Episoden Musik gehört wurde, war nur in wenigen Episoden Musikhören der primäre Fokus. Vielmehr bestand die Tendenz, Musik als Begleitung anderer Tätigkeiten zu verwenden. Die Ergebnisse ließen auch erkennen, daß die Wirkung von Musik in der jeweiligen Situation zu einem positiveren, aufnahmefähigeren und konzentrierteren Zustand der Teilnehmer führte, insbesondere wenn persönliche Musikwahl gegeben war. Die Diskussion betrachtet einige Implikationen der Studie für weitere Untersuchungen der Funktionen von Musik in Alltagssituationen.</p>
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<corresp id="corresp1-102986490100500102">Address for correspondence: John A. Sloboda Department of Psychology Keele University Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG UK e-mail:
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<p>The aim of this exploratory study was to (a) test the viability of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a means of identifying unfolding episodes of everyday musical experience, (b) examine the consistency of situations where music listening occurs by comparing the findings of previous studies involving retrospective data, and (c) investigate the extent to which degree of personal choice over the music and psychological outcomes such as mood change, are associated with participants' descriptions of the functions of music in particular contexts. Eight non-musicians between the ages of 18 and 40 were asked to carry an electronic pager with them for a one-week period. A remote computer activated the pagers once at random in every two-hour period between 0800 and 2200. On each paging, participants were asked to stop what they were doing as soon as practicable and complete a diary of self-report forms with open-ended and scaled items, allowing “on the spot” thoughts and feelings in real life everyday situations to be recorded as sequential episodes. At the end of the week, each respondent was individually interviewed. Results indicated that the ESM is a robust method for exploring daily musical experiences. Although music was heard during 44% of all episodes, few episodes involved listening to music as the primary focus. Rather, music tended to be used as an accompaniment to other activities. Findings also indicated that the experience of music resulted in participants becoming more positive, more alert, and more focussed in the present, particularly where personal choice over the music was involved. The discussion considers some of the implications of the study for future investigations of the functions of music as they occur in everyday evolving situations.</p>
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<p>El objeto de este estudio exploratorio era (a) probar la viabilidad del Experience Sampling Method (ESM) como medio de identificar episodios de experiencia musical cotidiana; (b) examinar la consistencia de las situaciones donde se desarrolla la escucha musical en comparación con resultados de estudios previos, incluyendo datos retrospectivos; (c) e investigar la extensión entre el grado de elección personal sobre la música y los datos psicológicos como el cambio de carácter, asociados con descripciones de las funciones de la música en contextos particulares. Ocho individuos no músicos, de entre 18 y 40 años de edad, llevaron un testigo electrónico durante una semana. Un ordenador activaba los testigos al azar, durante periodos de dos horas entre las 08:00 y las 22:00 horas. En cada periodo, se pedía a los participantes que abandonaran lo antes posible lo que estaban haciendo y que completaran un formulario de autoinforme diario abierto y a escala, que permitiera recordar como episodios secuenciales los pensamientos y sentimientos de la vida cotidiana. Al final de la semana, cada participante fue interrogado individualmente. Los resultados indicaron que el ESM es un método sólido para explorar las experiencias musicales cotidianas. A lo largo de la experiencia, aunque se escuchó música durante un 44% de todos los episodios, pocos tuvieron la escucha musical como foco primario de atención. Al contrario, la música tiende a ser empleada como acompañamiento de otras actividades. Los resultados también indicaron que la experiencia de la música resultó ser más positiva, más atenta y más centrada en el presente, cuando la música era una elección personal del participante. La discusión considera algunas de las implicaciones del estudio para investigaciones futuras sobre la función de la música cuando se desarrolla en situaciones de la vida cotidiana.</p>
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<trans-abstract xml:lang="IT">
<p>Lo scopo di questo studio esplorativo era: (a) testare l'attuabilità dell'Experience Sampling Method (ESM) quale mezzo per identificare lo svolgimento degli episodi di esperienza musicale quotidiana, (b) esaminare la consistenza di situazioni in cui avviene l'ascolto musicale attraverso la comparazione con risultati di studi precedenti che implichino dati retrospettivi, e (c) indagare la misura in cui il grado di scelta personale e le conseguenze psicologiche come il cambio d'umore sono associati a descrizioni effettuate dai partecipanti delle funzioni della musica in particolari contesti. A otto non musicisti fra i 18 e i 40 anni è stato chiesto di tenere con sé per una settimana un cercapersone elettronico. Un computer remoto attivava il cercapersone casualmente, in periodi di due ore, tra le 8 e le 22. Ad ogni richiamo i partecipanti dovevano interrompere, nel limite del possibile, ciò che stavano facendo, e compilare un diario di schede di auto-descrizione con voci aperte o scalari, comprendenti pensieri “a caldo” e sensazioni riferite a situazioni quotidiane di vita reale, da registrarsi come episodi in sequenza. Alia fine della settimana, ogni partecipante veniva intervistato personalmente. I risultati indicavano che l'ESM è un metodo valido nell'esplorazione delle esperienze musicali quotidiane. Sebbene nel 44% degli episodi i partecipanti stessero comunque ascoltando musica, molti episodi comprendevano proprio l'ascolto musicale come attività principale. O meglio: si tendeva ad utilizzare la musica come accompagnamento per altre attività. I risultati indicavano anche che l'esperienza della musica si risolveva in una maggiore positività, prontezza e concentrazione sul presente dei partecipanti, soprattutto quando la musica da ascoltare veniva scelta personalmente. La discussione prende in esame alcune implicazioni di questo studio per future analisi sulle funzioni della musica quali si presentano nello svolgimento di situazioni quotidiane.</p>
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<p>On cherche ici (a) à tester la validité d'une méthode expérimentale fondée sur l'échantillonnage (Experience Sampling Method, ESM) dans l'identification d'épisodes de l'expérience musicale quotidienne, (b) à examiner la stabilité des situations où la musique intervient en les comparant avec les résultats d'études antérieures fournissant des données rétrospectives, et (c) à étudier si l'impact qu'a le choix personnel sur la musique écoutée et ses conséquences psychologiques, comme un changement d'humeur, transparait dans la description des fonctions de la musique dans des contextes particuliers. Huit sujets non musiciens ågés de 18 à 40 ans ont été munis d'un bip électronique pendant une période d'une semaine. Un ordinateur à distance active au hasard ces bips toutes les deux heures, entre 8 et 22 h. A chaque signal, les sujets interrompent leur occupation pour compléter un journal, où ils consignent leurs impressions sur une liste ouverte et graduée, ce qui autorise l'enregistrement séquentiel des opinions “immédiates” et des émotions de la vie réelle dans des situations quotidiennes. A la fin de la semaine, chaque sujet est convoqué à un entretien personnel. Les résultats confirment la solidité de l'ESM dans l'étude des expériences musicales quotidiennes. Bien que la musique ait été écoutée dans 44 % de la totalité des épisodes, elle en constitue rarement l'objectif principal, mais tend, au contraire, à servir d'accompagnement à d'autres activités. On relève aussi que l'accompagnement musical rend les sujets plus positifs, alertes et concentrés sur le présent, en particulier lorsque la musique écoutée est le fruit d'un choix personnel. Certaines données de cette étude ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches sur les fonctions de la musique dans les situations quotidiennes.</p>
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<p>Ziel dieser explorativen Studie war es, (a) die Anwendbarkeit der Erlebnis-Stichprobenmethode (ESM) auf die Identifikation von sich entfaltenden Episoden alltäglichen Musikerlebens zu testen, (b) die Konsistenz von Situationen, in denen Musik gehört wird, im Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen früherer Studien mit retrospektiven Daten zu prüfen, und (c) das Ausmaß zu untersuchen, bis zu welchem die persönliche Musikwahl und Befindlichkeit (wie Stimmungswechsel) mit Funktionsbeschreibungen in bestimmten Zusammenhängen verbunden sind. Acht Nichtmusiker im Alter zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren wurden gebeten, eine Woche lang einen elektronischen pager mit sich zu tragen. Die Zeit zwischen 8 und 22 Uhr wurde in Zweistunden-Perioden eingeteilt und ein Computer aktivierte die pager einmal pro Periode in zufälligen Abständen. Die Versuchsteilnehmer waren gebeten worden, bei jedem Piepsen ihre momentane Tätigkeit, sobald sie konnten, zu unterbrechen und jeweils ein Eigenberichtsformular eines Tagebuches mit skalierten und offenen items, welche erlauben, unmittelbare Gedanken und Gefühle in realen Alltagssituationen festzuhalten, auszufüllen. Am Ende der Woche wurde jeder Teilnehmer einzeln befragt. Die Resultate erwiesen die ESM als eine geeignete Methode, Musikerleben im Alltag zu erforschen. Obwohl während 44% aller Episoden Musik gehört wurde, war nur in wenigen Episoden Musikhören der primäre Fokus. Vielmehr bestand die Tendenz, Musik als Begleitung anderer Tätigkeiten zu verwenden. Die Ergebnisse ließen auch erkennen, daß die Wirkung von Musik in der jeweiligen Situation zu einem positiveren, aufnahmefähigeren und konzentrierteren Zustand der Teilnehmer führte, insbesondere wenn persönliche Musikwahl gegeben war. Die Diskussion betrachtet einige Implikationen der Studie für weitere Untersuchungen der Funktionen von Musik in Alltagssituationen.</p>
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<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
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<given-names>I.</given-names>
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<surname>Sloboda</surname>
<given-names>J. A.</given-names>
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(eds),
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<title>Functions of Music in Everyday Life: An Exploratory Study Using the Experience Sampling Method</title>
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<abstract lang="en">The aim of this exploratory study was to (a) test the viability of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) as a means of identifying unfolding episodes of everyday musical experience, (b) examine the consistency of situations where music listening occurs by comparing the findings of previous studies involving retrospective data, and (c) investigate the extent to which degree of personal choice over the music and psychological outcomes such as mood change, are associated with participants' descriptions of the functions of music in particular contexts. Eight non-musicians between the ages of 18 and 40 were asked to carry an electronic pager with them for a one-week period. A remote computer activated the pagers once at random in every two-hour period between 0800 and 2200. On each paging, participants were asked to stop what they were doing as soon as practicable and complete a diary of self-report forms with open-ended and scaled items, allowing “on the spot” thoughts and feelings in real life everyday situations to be recorded as sequential episodes. At the end of the week, each respondent was individually interviewed. Results indicated that the ESM is a robust method for exploring daily musical experiences. Although music was heard during 44% of all episodes, few episodes involved listening to music as the primary focus. Rather, music tended to be used as an accompaniment to other activities. Findings also indicated that the experience of music resulted in participants becoming more positive, more alert, and more focussed in the present, particularly where personal choice over the music was involved. The discussion considers some of the implications of the study for future investigations of the functions of music as they occur in everyday evolving situations.</abstract>
<abstract lang="de">El objeto de este estudio exploratorio era (a) probar la viabilidad del Experience Sampling Method (ESM) como medio de identificar episodios de experiencia musical cotidiana; (b) examinar la consistencia de las situaciones donde se desarrolla la escucha musical en comparación con resultados de estudios previos, incluyendo datos retrospectivos; (c) e investigar la extensión entre el grado de elección personal sobre la música y los datos psicológicos como el cambio de carácter, asociados con descripciones de las funciones de la música en contextos particulares. Ocho individuos no músicos, de entre 18 y 40 años de edad, llevaron un testigo electrónico durante una semana. Un ordenador activaba los testigos al azar, durante periodos de dos horas entre las 08:00 y las 22:00 horas. En cada periodo, se pedía a los participantes que abandonaran lo antes posible lo que estaban haciendo y que completaran un formulario de autoinforme diario abierto y a escala, que permitiera recordar como episodios secuenciales los pensamientos y sentimientos de la vida cotidiana. Al final de la semana, cada participante fue interrogado individualmente. Los resultados indicaron que el ESM es un método sólido para explorar las experiencias musicales cotidianas. A lo largo de la experiencia, aunque se escuchó música durante un 44% de todos los episodios, pocos tuvieron la escucha musical como foco primario de atención. Al contrario, la música tiende a ser empleada como acompañamiento de otras actividades. Los resultados también indicaron que la experiencia de la música resultó ser más positiva, más atenta y más centrada en el presente, cuando la música era una elección personal del participante. La discusión considera algunas de las implicaciones del estudio para investigaciones futuras sobre la función de la música cuando se desarrolla en situaciones de la vida cotidiana.</abstract>
<abstract lang="it">Lo scopo di questo studio esplorativo era: (a) testare l'attuabilità dell'Experience Sampling Method (ESM) quale mezzo per identificare lo svolgimento degli episodi di esperienza musicale quotidiana, (b) esaminare la consistenza di situazioni in cui avviene l'ascolto musicale attraverso la comparazione con risultati di studi precedenti che implichino dati retrospettivi, e (c) indagare la misura in cui il grado di scelta personale e le conseguenze psicologiche come il cambio d'umore sono associati a descrizioni effettuate dai partecipanti delle funzioni della musica in particolari contesti. A otto non musicisti fra i 18 e i 40 anni è stato chiesto di tenere con sé per una settimana un cercapersone elettronico. Un computer remoto attivava il cercapersone casualmente, in periodi di due ore, tra le 8 e le 22. Ad ogni richiamo i partecipanti dovevano interrompere, nel limite del possibile, ciò che stavano facendo, e compilare un diario di schede di auto-descrizione con voci aperte o scalari, comprendenti pensieri “a caldo” e sensazioni riferite a situazioni quotidiane di vita reale, da registrarsi come episodi in sequenza. Alia fine della settimana, ogni partecipante veniva intervistato personalmente. I risultati indicavano che l'ESM è un metodo valido nell'esplorazione delle esperienze musicali quotidiane. Sebbene nel 44% degli episodi i partecipanti stessero comunque ascoltando musica, molti episodi comprendevano proprio l'ascolto musicale come attività principale. O meglio: si tendeva ad utilizzare la musica come accompagnamento per altre attività. I risultati indicavano anche che l'esperienza della musica si risolveva in una maggiore positività, prontezza e concentrazione sul presente dei partecipanti, soprattutto quando la musica da ascoltare veniva scelta personalmente. La discussione prende in esame alcune implicazioni di questo studio per future analisi sulle funzioni della musica quali si presentano nello svolgimento di situazioni quotidiane.</abstract>
<abstract lang="fr">On cherche ici (a) à tester la validité d'une méthode expérimentale fondée sur l'échantillonnage (Experience Sampling Method, ESM) dans l'identification d'épisodes de l'expérience musicale quotidienne, (b) à examiner la stabilité des situations où la musique intervient en les comparant avec les résultats d'études antérieures fournissant des données rétrospectives, et (c) à étudier si l'impact qu'a le choix personnel sur la musique écoutée et ses conséquences psychologiques, comme un changement d'humeur, transparait dans la description des fonctions de la musique dans des contextes particuliers. Huit sujets non musiciens ågés de 18 à 40 ans ont été munis d'un bip électronique pendant une période d'une semaine. Un ordinateur à distance active au hasard ces bips toutes les deux heures, entre 8 et 22 h. A chaque signal, les sujets interrompent leur occupation pour compléter un journal, où ils consignent leurs impressions sur une liste ouverte et graduée, ce qui autorise l'enregistrement séquentiel des opinions “immédiates” et des émotions de la vie réelle dans des situations quotidiennes. A la fin de la semaine, chaque sujet est convoqué à un entretien personnel. Les résultats confirment la solidité de l'ESM dans l'étude des expériences musicales quotidiennes. Bien que la musique ait été écoutée dans 44 % de la totalité des épisodes, elle en constitue rarement l'objectif principal, mais tend, au contraire, à servir d'accompagnement à d'autres activités. On relève aussi que l'accompagnement musical rend les sujets plus positifs, alertes et concentrés sur le présent, en particulier lorsque la musique écoutée est le fruit d'un choix personnel. Certaines données de cette étude ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles recherches sur les fonctions de la musique dans les situations quotidiennes.</abstract>
<abstract lang="de">Ziel dieser explorativen Studie war es, (a) die Anwendbarkeit der Erlebnis-Stichprobenmethode (ESM) auf die Identifikation von sich entfaltenden Episoden alltäglichen Musikerlebens zu testen, (b) die Konsistenz von Situationen, in denen Musik gehört wird, im Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen früherer Studien mit retrospektiven Daten zu prüfen, und (c) das Ausmaß zu untersuchen, bis zu welchem die persönliche Musikwahl und Befindlichkeit (wie Stimmungswechsel) mit Funktionsbeschreibungen in bestimmten Zusammenhängen verbunden sind. Acht Nichtmusiker im Alter zwischen 18 und 40 Jahren wurden gebeten, eine Woche lang einen elektronischen pager mit sich zu tragen. Die Zeit zwischen 8 und 22 Uhr wurde in Zweistunden-Perioden eingeteilt und ein Computer aktivierte die pager einmal pro Periode in zufälligen Abständen. Die Versuchsteilnehmer waren gebeten worden, bei jedem Piepsen ihre momentane Tätigkeit, sobald sie konnten, zu unterbrechen und jeweils ein Eigenberichtsformular eines Tagebuches mit skalierten und offenen items, welche erlauben, unmittelbare Gedanken und Gefühle in realen Alltagssituationen festzuhalten, auszufüllen. Am Ende der Woche wurde jeder Teilnehmer einzeln befragt. Die Resultate erwiesen die ESM als eine geeignete Methode, Musikerleben im Alltag zu erforschen. Obwohl während 44% aller Episoden Musik gehört wurde, war nur in wenigen Episoden Musikhören der primäre Fokus. Vielmehr bestand die Tendenz, Musik als Begleitung anderer Tätigkeiten zu verwenden. Die Ergebnisse ließen auch erkennen, daß die Wirkung von Musik in der jeweiligen Situation zu einem positiveren, aufnahmefähigeren und konzentrierteren Zustand der Teilnehmer führte, insbesondere wenn persönliche Musikwahl gegeben war. Die Diskussion betrachtet einige Implikationen der Studie für weitere Untersuchungen der Funktionen von Musik in Alltagssituationen.</abstract>
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